What is the recommended first aid for an epistaxis (nosebleed)?

The recommended first aid for an epistaxis, or nosebleed, is to pinch the nostrils together and lean forward. This method helps minimize blood flow down the throat, which can happen if the individual leans backward. Forward positioning allows the blood to drain out of the nostrils instead of being swallowed, which can lead to nausea or further complications if the blood accumulates in the stomach.

Pinching the nostrils together effectively compresses the blood vessels in the nose, helping to control the bleeding. This technique is particularly important because many times, nosebleeds occur due to the rupture of small blood vessels in the nasal mucosa, which can often heal more efficiently when pressure is applied.

In contrast, leaning backward can cause the blood to flow into the throat, potentially leading to choking or aspiration, and may increase the feeling of lightheadedness. Applying ice to the forehead, while it might provide some comfort, is not considered an effective treatment for controlling the bleeding itself. Swallowing blood is not advisable as it does not address the source of the bleeding and can introduce unnecessary complications.